Rabies is a serious viral infection of the central nervous system. 这种病毒通常通过患狂犬病的动物的咬伤传染给人类. Occasionally, 如果受感染动物的唾液进入新的抓痕，狂犬病就会传播, break in the skin, or contact with mucous membranes (eyes, mouth,nose).

在西弗吉尼亚州，大多数狂犬病病例发生在野生动物身上，比如浣熊和臭鼬. 如果你被患狂犬病或反应迅速的动物咬伤或抓伤, 用肥皂和温水彻底清洗伤口，并立即咨询医生和当地卫生部门

department. If the animal is not available for observation or rabies testing, 暴露后可能需要进行一系列狂犬病疫苗接种，以防止可能的狂犬病感染.
If you believe you have been exposed to rabies, 立即与当地卫生部门和医疗保健提供者联系. 根据西弗吉尼亚州法律，动物咬伤应在24小时内向当地卫生部门报告.

RABIES CAN BE PREVENTED BY:

AVOIDING CONTACT WITH UNFAMILIAR ANIMALS.

  1. Enjoy wild animals from a distance. Do not handle or feed wild animals.
  2. Place litter in closed garbage cans.
  3. Never adopt or bring wild animals into your home.
  4. 教导孩子不要接触任何不熟悉的动物，无论是野生的还是家养的，即使它们看起来很友好.
  5. 防止蝙蝠进入房屋或其他可能与人或宠物接触的区域.
  6. When travelling abroad, take extra care to avoid animals. In certain areas of the world, rabies in dogs is still a major problem, and preventative rabies treatment may be hard to get.


BEING A RESPONSIBLE PET OWNER

  1. Keep rabies vaccinations up-to-date for all cats and dogs.
  2. Take your pet to your veterinarian on a regular basis.
  3. 通过直接监督来控制你的宠物.
  4. 为你的宠物做绝育手术，以减少那些没有得到适当照顾或没有定期接种疫苗的宠物的数量.
  5. 打电话给动物控制中心，把你附近所有的流浪动物都带走, since these animals may be unvaccinated or ill.




La Crosse Encephalitis:
One of the most preventable, 拉克罗斯脑炎是由一种通常被称为“树洞”蚊子携带的. This mosquito breeds in tree cavities that hold water, and in similar areas in which water collects such as old tires, buckets, cans or other man-made items.

As with the mosquitoes that carry West Nile, 消除携带疾病的蚊子孳生的地方(如填满树洞), 以及清理可能积水的人造物品)是预防拉克罗斯脑炎的最佳方法. 此外，树木的空洞或洞可以容纳一个星期或更长时间的水可以是一个繁殖地. Drain the hole or fill with cement. 在被感染蚊子叮咬后3周内出现症状. These symptoms include headache, fever, drowsiness, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, disorientation, mental confusion, and in some cases seizures.



​West Nile:
西尼罗河病毒是通过被感染的蚊子叮咬传播的. It is widespread in Africa, southern Europe, and western Asia. 它于1999年首次出现在美国，到2000年已蔓延到所有新英格兰州和南至北卡罗来纳州. It has caused illness and mortality in humans, wildlife and domestic animals, especially birds and horses. In humans, 它引起流感样疾病，可能导致无菌性脑膜炎, encephalitis, and death, especially in persons over 50 years of age.

What you can do to prevent West Nile Virus
Mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing water, which includes puddles, stagnant ditches, and containers such as old tires, buckets, cans, neglected swimming pools, etc. Storm sewers, culverts, and catch-basins, etc. 为与西尼罗病毒最相关的成年淡色库蚊(普通家蚊)提供室外休息场所. 这种蚊子通常通过没有遮挡的门窗或破碎的纱窗进入房屋. Prevention measures include: 

  1. Make sure that doors and windows have tight-fitting screens. Repair or replace all torn screens in your home.
  2. Remove all discarded tires from your property.
  3. 丢弃锡罐、塑料容器、陶瓷罐或类似的盛水容器.
  4. Make sure roof gutters drain properly. Clean clogged gutters in the spring and fall.
  5. Clean and chlorinate swimming pools, outdoor saunas and hot tubs. If not in use, keep empty and covered.
  6. Drain water from pool covers.
  7. Change the water in bird baths at least once a week.
  8. Turn over plastic wading pools, wheelbarrows, etc. when not in use.
  9. Eliminate any standing water that collects on your property.
  10. 提醒或帮助邻居清除房屋内的繁殖场所.


Repellents
If you will be outside during evening, nighttime and dawn hours, 考虑使用含有10%或更少避蚊胺(N, 儿童使用n -二乙基甲基间甲苯酰胺，成人使用避蚊胺不超过30%. DEET is effective for approximately four hours. 避免长时间或过度使用避蚊胺，并有节制地覆盖裸露的皮肤和衣服. 不要在婴儿或孕妇身上使用避蚊胺，也不要直接在儿童身上使用避蚊胺. Apply it to your own hands and then put it on the child. Always use DEET according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Remember that that Vitamin B, ultrasonic devices, 熏香和灭虫剂在防止蚊虫叮咬方面并没有被证明有效. 当地卫生部门也不建议在社区范围内喷洒蚊子，因为它的成本很高，而且效果短暂.

Symptoms in humans
Mild infections are common and include fever, headache, and body aches, often with skin rash and swollen lymph glands. Headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, and paralysis mark more severe infection. In some individuals, especially the elderly, 西尼罗河病毒会导致严重的疾病，影响脑组织. 在最严重的情况下，它会导致永久性的脑损伤，甚至是致命的.




Lyme Disease:
The following Information is taken from West Virginia Office of Epidemiology and Prevention Services:

莱姆病是一种细菌感染，由被感染的黑腿(鹿)蜱叮咬引起. 莱姆病是美国和西弗吉尼亚州最常见的蜱传疾病. 症状通常在蜱虫叮咬后3至30天开始，包括发烧和蜱虫叮咬部位出现扩大的红疹. If not treated early with antibiotics, 莱姆病可以持续数周到数年，导致复发性关节炎和神经系统并发症.

据报道，大多数莱姆病病例发生在美国东北部和中西部地区. 在过去几年中，西弗吉尼亚州居民中报告的莱姆病病例数量有所增加.




Zika Virus:
The following Information is taken from the West Virginia Office of Epidemiology and Prevention Services:

寨卡是一种由蚊子(白纹伊蚊和埃及伊蚊)传播的疾病。. These mosquitoes also spread chikungunya and dengue. 寨卡病毒的症状包括发烧、皮疹、关节痛和眼睛发红. Muscle pain and headache also occur. These symptoms usually last for several days to a week. Hospitalization and death are not common with Zika infections. Currently in the United States and in West Virginia, 寨卡病毒与前往有传播报告的国家旅行有关.g. countries in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America). 

Just like chikungunya and dengue, 目前还没有预防或治疗寨卡病毒的疫苗或药物. Getting plenty of rest, drinking water, and taking medication (e.g. 推荐使用泰诺(Tylenol)来治疗与病毒相关的症状. 同样重要的是，在患病的第一周避免接触蚊子，因为蚊子叮咬感染者后再叮咬另一个以前未感染的人，可能会传播感染. 在西弗吉尼亚州发现的白纹伊蚊可以传播寨卡病毒.

由于受感染母亲的婴儿妊娠结局不佳，建议任何孕期的孕妇不要前往寨卡病毒持续传播的地区. Microcephaly, a condition where a baby is born with a smaller than normal head, has been reported in Brazil and some other countries. Sexual transmission of Zika has also been reported.


 












Rabies and Vector Information

Rabies:
The following Information is taken from the West Virginia Office of Epidemiology and Prevention Services:

Rabies is a serious viral infection of the central nervous system. 这种病毒通常通过患狂犬病的动物的咬伤传染给人类. Occasionally, 如果受感染动物的唾液进入新的抓痕，狂犬病就会传播, break in the skin, or contact with mucous membranes (eyes, mouth,nose).

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